Despite ongoing efforts and advancements in research and therapy, many persons with epilepsy remain drug-resistant. Understanding the underlying etiology of epilepsy, whether structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immunological or (now) unknown, is critical because it offers crucial information regarding the clinical course. Phenotype, cognitive comorbidities, (new) pharmacological targets, and postsurgical outcomes are all factors to consider. The use of a multimodal strategy, which includes digital slides and multichannel immunofluorescence labeling, can help to improve the results. DNA methylation arrays may aid in the identification of difficult-to-classify lesions, and diagnostic yield of subtle diseases. However, in low-income nations, such approaches are not always available. Even without access to pricey molecular techniques, Latin American researchers can construct automated analysis scripts and machine learning algorithms to boost the diagnostic yield from ordinary Hematoxylin and Eosin stained tissue sections. The Latin American pathology community made a significant contribution to our current state. knowledge of human epilepsies and experimental epilepsy models etiologies To improve the economy, even more, Local centers should use current, multimodal neuropathology techniques, combine multiple levels of expertise, and improve their scientific relationships to maximize the impact of Latin American research. Dedicated teaching courses in Epileptology, such as the Latin American Summer Schools of Epilepsy (LASSE) or International Summer School for Neuropathology and Epilepsy Surgery (INES) addressing young researchers and neurologists, are most successful to promote this endeavor. In this review, we will describe the state of neuropathology in the 21st century and also highlight Latin American researchers� contributions to the current knowledge in the neuropathology of epilepsy.
